Normally the cat command is applied for basically three things in particular:

• Display the contents of a file
• Copy text files to another text file
• Append a text file’s contents to another text file

Being a UNIX command it is ported to all GNU/LINUX distributions and of course, it has options to expand and vary the power of the command itself.  Let’s see the output at the terminal if we do the following command:

cat --help

The command shows us a quick help on the cat command including its options.

The basic usage syntax is:

cat [OPTION] [FILE]…

And the list of commands is shown in this table:

Don’t worry; we’ll examine the most useful options with several examples.

Display Content of File

If we want to show the content of a text file, the syntax would be:

cat path_of_the_archive

I’m going to show the content of a file called file1.txt located in the Example folder. Run below command to display file1.txt content.

cat file1.txt

And there we have the content of the file shown on the terminal in above image.

If you would like to display the contents of several files, simply place them next. Run below command to display contents of two files file1.txt and file2.txt.

cat file1.txt file2.txt

The exit at the terminal would be as follows:

You can see the contents of both files one by one in above image.

Identify Specific File Content

As we can see in above image, it simply shows the contents of file 1 and when it ends, it immediately shows the content of file 2 as if they were “concatenated”. If you would like to know where the content of each file ends, then use the -e option to show a $ at the end of the file.

cat –e file1.txt file2.txt

Add Number of Lines in Output

If you want to display the number of lines along with the file content then you can show it by adding -n option. Run below command to display the line numbers while displaying the file content.

cat –n file1.txt file2.txt

Copy Contents of One file to Another

We can also copy the content of one text file to another using CAT command. Run below command to copy content of file1.txt to file4.txt.

cat file1.txt > file4.txt

In this case, the command reads the contents of file1.txt and overwrites the contents of the new file. If it does not exist, it is simply created. Now we can validate above command whether contents have been copied to not. Now we proceed to show the contents of file4.txt to verify that it made the “copy”. Display content of file4.txt by running below command.

cat file4.txt

We can see the content is same as file1.txt in above image.

Combine or Append the Content of One File to Another

The cat command also allows us to combine or append a text file data to another one, thanks to the operator >>

In this case, we will combine the content of file1.txt with that of file2.txt

cat file1.txt >> file2.txt

And then we check the contents of the file2.txt file to validate it.

cat file2.txt

We can see contents have been combined in to this file. Basically the command takes the content of file1.txt and places it at the end of the file2.txt file

As a conclusion we can say that the cat command is a useful and important command to work with text files in GNU/LINUX and everything about the terminal. It is very useful for managing service configuration files on a server.

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Read More:

• 11 Examples of ls command to List Files in Linux
• Add, Delete & Modify Linux User Accounts
• How to Reset or Change Linux User Passwords?
• How to Change Linux Server Name?

The post How to Use CAT Command on Linux System? appeared first on Techyaz.com.

Note: The language in some of the screenshots is not in English but the command we have executed in English language. You just need to run the given commands and execution in your screen will show based on your preferred language set on the system,

Install Zabbix on Ubuntu 16.04

The first thing we have to do is update the system in order to have the latest security updates.

sudo apt update && sudo apt –y upgrade

With this composite command, we refresh the repository cache and at the same time say yes to updates.

Once you will enter sudo password in above screen, a series of transactions will be executed as shown in below screenshot.

Once we have the system updated, the next thing we need to do is to install a basic LAMP server to run the Zabbix and mysql frontend as database manager.

sudo apt install apache2 libapache2-mod-php7.0 mysql-server-5.7 mysql-client php7.0 php7.0-mysql php7.0-curl php7.0-json php7.0-cgi php-xml php-mbstring php-bcmath

Once you will execute above command, you will be getting a sequence of executions as shown in below image.

Once the LAMP server is installed, we must edit the php. ini file to set our time zone correctly. In my case “America/Caracas”.

sudo nano /etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini

Once you will execute above command, you will get below screen to edit the time zone. Inside the archive, we locate the part where the time zone is established and edit it with our own.

Now we will restart Apache service using below command..

sudo systmectl restart apache2.service

Now we must add the Zabbix repository, to do this we must download a. deb file hosted on their website.

wget http://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/3.4/ubuntu/pool/main/z/zabbix-release/zabbix-release_3.4-1+xenial_all.deb

And then install it to add the repository.

sudo dpkg –i zabbix-release_3.4-1+xenial_all.deb

Now we must refresh the program sources cache and install zabbix packages. Run below command to update the repository.

sudo apt update

You can see the execution of above command.

Run below command to initiate the execution.

sudo apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-agent

We can see the installation in below image.

Configure MySQL

In this step we must configure mysql, skip this if you already had an installation before.

sudo mysql_secure_installation

To the questions we must answer yes or no according to our needs. For this tutorial, the answers to these questions are no problem. The important thing is to remember the Mysql root password.

Then we must log in to Mysql when entering the command, we must enter the root password.

mysql –u root –p

Once inside, we must create the zabbix database.

CREATE DATABASE zabbix

We then create and give permission to a new Mysql user to use zabbix. This is a good security practice for our server.

GRANT ALL ON zabbix TO ‘zabbix’@localhost IDENTIFIED BY ‘zabbixpss’;

Replace’ zabbixpss’ with another username if you prefer, and’ zabbixpss’ with another password. you can see all above steps in below command.

Next we must “copy” the configuration of Mysql to the new zabbix user.

zcat /usr/share/doc/zabbix-server-mysql*/create.sql.gz | mysql –u zabbix –p

However at this point I got the error of “No database selected”. Don’t worry, we’ll figure it out. To fix error 1046, we must first copy and unzip the MySql creation file.

And then edit the “create.sql” file, we just must add USE zabbix; at the beginning of the file.

nano create.sql

Save and we will be able to import the file.

cat create.sql | mysql –u zabbix –p

This completes the configuration process of the database manager.

Now we proceed to edit the configuration file of zabbix to add the database parameters that the application will use.

sudo nano /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

Verify below parameters from below screenshot.

DBHost=localhost

DBName=zabbix

DBUser=zabbix

DBPassword=zabbixpss

These parameters are the ones that we have to locate in the archive and change for the positions.

Then we must restart Apache2 and Zabbix services.

sudo systemctl restart apache2.service
sudo systemctl restart zabbix-server.service

Configure Zabbix

Now, it’s ready. We have to go to our web browser and access from the ip address of the server computer.

http://IP_ADRESS/zabbix 

Then we proceed to configure it, pressing next. We check that all prerequisites are satisfied.

In this screen we must configure the database parameters that we have made in the previous steps.

Then you have to configure the server parameters. In this case, we leave it the same way.

In the end if everything is correct we should see a screen like this.

Finally we can now access through the following form:

Username: admin

Password: zabbix

And after that, we’ll have the main view with our zabbix running on the server.

As a conclusion we can say that Zabbix is a great open source application for server monitoring, its installation in server is relatively simple and is very useful to all system administrators.

Read More:

• How to Install and Use HTop on Linux system?
• Installing PgAdmin 4 on Debian Stretch
• RHEL Interview Questions and Answers

The post How to Install Zabbix on Ubuntu Server 16.04? appeared first on Techyaz.com.

USERS IN GNU/LINUX 

The first thing we need to know is that, in GNU/LINUX there are different types of users already predefined and each of them have different characteristics for the correct functioning of the system. The first of these is the root user.

Root user

The Root user is the administrator of the operating system, with all options and permissions to perform operations and changes in the system. Its main features are:

• It is the only user account with system-wide privileges.
• In charge of controlling the administration of user accounts.
• It is the only user that can stop the system.
• The root user can install, uninstall and update basic system programs and libraries.

In other words, the root user is the all-powerful user of the system.

Special Users 

They are also called users without login. Their roles in the system are determined by the addition of installed programs. They are distinguished by:

• They are created (usually) automatically at the time of Linux or application installation.
• It does not have all the privileges of the root user, but depending on the account they assume different root privileges.
• They are created when installing the system or any of its extra components.
• Some of them are: bin, daemon, adm, lp, sync, shutdown, mail, operator, squid, apache

Common Users 

These last users are us. That is, they are accounts that are created to use all accessible parts of the system, such as assigned programs and directories. They have a Home directory where they can easily access their documents and files.

• Such users have only full privileges in their working directory or HOME.
• They are used for individual users.
• These users do not have privileges to manage the system or install software. 

How to Create or Add USERS TO Linux Systems?

The adduser command is a “new” alternative to the useradd binary that allows us to add common users to our GNU/LINUX distribution. It is much more “friendly” and intuitive than useradd and allows us to add additional information about the new user. Here we will learn how to create user on Linux system.

In order to use the adduser command we must be root users, for that reason write the following command in a terminal

#Connect using su.
su

You need to write the root password then we can use adduser. The most basic way to use the adduser command is:

adduser new_user 

where new_user is the name of user account. With this “basic” form a new user is created and by giving Enter we are asked to enter the new password for this new user account.

Type the password for your new user account and press Enter. Prompt will ask you to reenter the same password. Re-enter the password and press enter button.

After that you will be asked for any additional information such as Full Name, phone number etc.

At the end, prompt will ask us to confirm the information provided. Type Y to proceed if all information is correct.

Now, as mentioned above, that is the most basic way to create a user but adduser also has options and alternatives to create users. These alternatives are given by the options that can be added to the command, some of them are:

adduser [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] [--uid ID]
[--firstuid ID] [--lastuid ID] [--gecos GECOS] [--ingroup GROUP | --gid ID]
[--disabled-password] [--disabled-login] [--add_extra_groups] USER

You can see various options available with adduser command in above screenshot. Let’s look at example. If you would like to add a user named angelob, and set their home directory to /opt/angelob/ the the command will be as follows.

adduser --home /opt/angelob/ angelob

And then it will ask us for the new password and basic user information. This way you can add user to Linux system.

How to Delete Linux User Accounts? 

As in above section we have learnt how to create user on Linux system. Here i will explain how remove user from Linux system. Removing users from the Linux system is simple and the command to do so is userdel and has many fewer options to make the task. You can see the descriptions for this command in below image.

The easiest way to delete a user is to remove it by running below command. Here user is the name of user account.

#user is the name of user account.
userdel user

We can also delete your entire personal directory with the -r option. Run below command to do this.

userdel -r user

How to Modify Linux User Accounts? 

I have shown how to remove Linux user  in above section. Here, i will explain how to modify a Linux user. To modify users in the GNU/LINUX system we use the command usermod. We can see in the following image the possibilities shown in command:

For example, if we wanted to change the password of a created user, it would be as follows.

#user is the name of Linux user account.
usermod -p ‘new_password’ user

Obviously this method is not recommended because it leaves the password visible. Be careful. Read below article if you want to change your Linux user account password.

• How to Reset or Change User Password on RHEL?

Another useful example is to move the personal folder of the desired user to another one, for it we must combine the options -d and -m in the following way.

usermod -d /opt/angelob1/ -m angelob

With the rest of the options, we only have to place them according to our needs.

In conclusion we can say that the administration of GNU/LINUX users is a matter for system administrators, the subject is wide and with many options to take into account for the creation of them.

Adduser simplifies the creation of user accounts and usermod allows us to modify them in a very fast and dynamic way. And if a user has already completed his life cycle in the system, we can remove it with userdel.

I hope this small guide has been useful to understand a little bit about GNU/LINUX users, clarifying that the commands explained in the article can be used in all popular distributions such as Ubuntu, Red Hat, Suse, Debian and others.
I hope you like this article. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

Read More:

• RHEL Interview Questions and Answers
• How to Change Hostname of RHEL system?
• How to Install and Use Htop to Monitor Linux Processes?
• Install Debian 9 Stretch in Step by Step Process

The post Linux User Administration – Add, Delete & Modify User Accounts appeared first on Techyaz.com.

Red Hat Linux Interview Questions and Answers

1. What is Red Hat Enterprise Linux?

Answer – It is a GNU/LINUX distribution created and developed by the multinational enterprise oriented company Red Hat, being the basis for deploying cloud applications, servers or data center.

2. Which is the package manager used by RHEL?

Answer – The package manager in RHEL is YUM.

3. How do I install a program in RHEL?

Answer – Installing a package or program in RHEL is simple thanks to YUM. With root permission we type in a terminal.

yum install package_name

4. How can I update the packages in RHEL?

Answer – Run below command to update all packages in your RHEL system.

yum upgrade

5. How can I remove the packages in RHEL?

Answer – Run below command to remove any package from RedHat Linux system.

#Make sure to change the name of package that needs to be removed.
yum remove package_name

6. How can I create a user in RHEL?

Answer – We can create a new user from the terminal with the command:

#Pass the user name in place of user_name 
useradd user_name

7. How can I change the user password?

Answer – The command that allows us to change the password of the active user is passwd. By entering the command in the terminal, you will be prompted for the current password and twice for the new password. Read below article to learn step by step process to change user as well as sudo passwords.

• How to Reset or Change User Password on RHEL?

8. How can I change the system language?

Answer- In RHEL, the system language can be changed using the following command:

localectl set-locale LANG=”xx_XX.utf8”

For example, if the system is in English and we want to change to German

localectl set-locale LANG=de_DE.utf8

Then simply restart the active session (not the system)

9. What is a GNU/LINUX service?

Answer – A service is a program that runs in the background, outside the interactive control of the users of the system.

10. How can I list the services that are running in RHEL?

Answer – This is very useful when managing systems in GNU/LINUX. We can list all the services that are running with the command:

systemctl -t service --state=active

If you want to check specific service running on RHEL then you can pass service name in above command. For example, i want to check SQL Server service running on my RHEL system then i will run below command. This command will show the output for only this service.

systemctl status mssql-server

11. How can I start or stop a service?

Answer – During the administration of a GNU/LINUX based server we will have to initialize and also stop services.

To initialize:

systemctl start name.service 

To Stop:

systemctl stop name.service

To Restart:

systemctl restart name.service

12. How do I know which version of the kernel I am using?

Answer – To know which version of the Linux Kernel we are using, just use the command:

uname –r

13. How can I add and remove kernel modules?

Answer – The kernel modules are small programs or libraries that are added to the kernel so that it can manage hardware devices. To add or remove it we use the command modprobe.

For example, to add a module:

modprobe module_name

And to remove a module

modprobe –r module_name

14. What is the file system RHEL uses?

Answer – The file system used by RHEL is XFS

15. How do I know how much space is available on my hard disk with RHEL?

Answer – This is useful to know when we are reaching the hard disk capacity. With the command:

df –h

16. Can I change hostname in RHEL?

Answer – Yes. There are multiple ways to change hostname of a RHEL system. For example if we want hostname to be example. com, we must write the following command in a terminal:

hostnamectl set-hostname example.com

I have explained it in below article in very details way. Have a look at this article to learn the process to rename or change the hostname of RHEL system.

• How to Change Hostname of RHEL system?

17. How do I know the IP address of the equipment in RHEL?

Answer – With the command:

nmcli dev show

We will not only be able to see the ip address, but also the complete information of all the network interfaces. You can read below article to learn how to check and change the IP address, subnet mask etc of a RHEL system.

• How to Find and Change IP Address, Subnet Mask and Default Gateway of RHEL system?

18. Can I install a Web server in RHEL?

Answer- Of course, we can install the web server we want: Apache, nGix or other.

19. After installing Apache2, where is the default Document Root located?

Answer – By default the apache2 DocumentRoot in RHEL sets it to /var/www/html/

20. How do I know which version of Red Hat Enterprise Linux is running the server?

Answer – Run the command in a terminal to get the RHEL version running on your system.

/etc/redhat-release

I hope you like this set of Linux Interview Questions and Answers. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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HTOP is a process viewer on the terminal created for the entire Unix family but has great popularity within GNU/LINUX. The main advantages of this tool are that we can monitor processes, finalize and explore them all from the terminal which guarantees a minimum expenditure of resources.

How to Install Htop on Various Linux Systems?

We can install Htop from your sources or simply from pre-compiled packages. However, Htop is found in most GNU/LINUX distributions through its main repositories. Please have a look at the step by step process to install Htop on Debian, RHEL, Ubuntu and other Linux systems.

Install Htop on Debian 8 Jessie and Debian 9 Stretch

The first thing we need to do is login as root. Type su on your terminal window and press enter followed by typing its password.

su

Once you will be connected using su account, run below command to install Htop on Debian systems.

apt install htop

Install Htop on Ubuntu 14.04  and Ubuntu 16.04

Here, I will show you how to install Htop on Ubuntu servers. Installation of htop on Ubuntu is very much similar to installing it on Debian as we did in above section. In the case of Ubuntu, we must be root user to install htop. Type su and press enter followed by its password.

su

Once we will be connected using root user, we will proceed to install htop on Ubuntu by running below commands. A set of execution will start and execution will finish with its installation.

apt install htop

Install Htop on Fedora 26 and Fedora 27

There is little different way to install Htop on Fedora systems as we use dnf command to install it on fedora. Fedora users can easily install htop as following below steps. First we connect to root privileges using su account. Type su and its password.

su

Once we will be connected using su account, we can invoke dnf which is Fedora package manager. Run below dnf command to install htop on Fedora systems. A set of execution will start and finish with htop installation.

dnf install htop

Install Htop on Gentoo

For Gentoo we must also be root users. Write in a terminal:

su

Once we connected with root user permissions, we can install Htop by invoking Gentoo’s own package manager emerge. Run below command to start Htop installation on Gentoo system. A series of execution will start and finish with its installation.

emerge sys-process/htop

Install Htop on CentOS 7 and Red Hat Linux Enterprise

In the case of CentOS 7, we must first add the EPEL repository and then install it normally. First we logged in as root user to get installation privileges. Connect using su account by typing below command and its password.

su

Once logged in as root user, we proceed to download the package containing the EPEL repository:

wget http://mirror.pnl.gov/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm

And then install the downloaded package to add the EPEL repository:

rpm -Uvh epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm

The next step is to “validate” the newly added repository by running below command.

yum repolist

And Finally we will install htop on RHEL and Centos by running below command.

yum install htop 

Basic use of HTOP

We have installed Htop on various Linux systems in above section. We must write the command htop To launch it. Here, it is not necessary to do it as root user. You can see i wrote htop on terminal window and press enter to get the Htop task manager screen in below image.

You will get below screen once you execute above command on your terminal screen.

It’s the initial screen. As we can see, it is very simple and easy to understand. We can have fun in three parts that we will study. In this “first part” we see the use of the processor and RAM by all processes along with other details. On the right side a small summary of them: how many tasks are running and the total active time.

“Second part” also you can say middle part is the main view where all the processes are showing. You can see this in below image.

This is where we have the information through columns that contain details about these processes. The columns are:

• PID: Displays the process identifier number.
• User: The user tells us that he has activated this process.
• PRI: It shows the priority with which the process is executed.
• NI: Shows the priority level
• VIRT: The number of virtual memory used by the process.
• RES: Used ram memory (Megabytes)
• SHR: Shared memory used
• S: Process status (Running, sleeping or zombie)
• CPU%: percentage of CPU used by the process
• MEM%: percentage of ram memory used by the process
• TIME+: Active life-time of the process
• Command: The command that executes the process.

So with this we have all the information of the processes that are running at that time.

The “last part” displays the tools provided by Htop for navigation. For example, allows us to search, sort the processes and the best, for me, the “kill” processes by using shortcut keys.

To kill a process we must navigate through the processes with the up and down keys, select it, press the F9 key, and choose the number that corresponds to the option of killing that serves us. I almost always use the 9th showing in below screen.

In conclusion we can say that Htop is a great tool to visualize the active and non-active processes in our Linux systems. Being terminal-based, it has the advantage of consuming virtually nothing in resources and helps us to close very heavy or unnecessary processes.

Here i have shown you how to install Htop on Red Hat, Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian systems and its uses. I hope you like this article. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

Read More:

• How to Install Debian 9 Stretch?
• How to Install Zebbix on Ubuntu 16.4?
• How to Install RedHat Enterprise Linux?
• Installing Ubuntu 16.04 in Step by Step Process

The post How to Install Htop and Use it to Monitor Linux Processes? appeared first on Techyaz.com.

Related Articles:

• How to Change IP Address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway of Linux Server
• Fix Error “User is not in sudoers file.
• Installing SQL Server 2017 on Red Hat Linux Server

There are three methods that i will explain here to rename or change hostname of any Redhat Linux server. These three methods that we will use in this article are given below.

1. Edit etc/hostname.
2. nmcli utility.
3. hostnamectl utility.

Change Hostname of RedHat Linux Server by editing etc/hostname

Connect to your Redhat Linux server and check the hostname by running below command.

#Check hostname using any command.
hostname

#You can run below command as well to check the hostname.
cat /etc/hostname

We can see the hostname of this RedHat Linux server is SQLServerRHEL.localdomain. Now we will change this name to TechyazRHEL. If you want to change hostname with fully qualified name then you can write fully qualified name in below command.

#Connect to RHEL as root.
Sudo su

#Change Hostname using /etc/hostname. Make sure to write your new hostname in double quote.
echo "TechyazRHEL" > /etc/hostname

You can see when we check hostname of this linux server using hostname command, it is still showing older name SQLServerRHEL.localdomain whereas when we check using cat /etc/hostname it is showing newly changed hostname.

To reflect new host name, we need to restart service systemd-hostnamed. Once you will restart this service, the output of hostname command will also be same as new hostname as shown in above image.

#Restart service systemd-hostnamed
service systemd-hostnamed restart
 or
systemctl restart systemd-hostnamed 

You can see new hostname after restarting above service in above screenshot. One thing you might notice that command prompt is still showing as older hostname i.e. root@SQLServerRHEL. This will disappear if you close this session and connect to new session. Let’s try this by launching new session, you can see new session is showing new hostname in below image.

Rename Hostname of RedHat Linux Server using nmcli

The nmcli (NetworkManager Command Line Interface) command-line utility is used for controlling Network Manager and reporting network status. nmcli is used to create, display, edit, delete, activate, and deactivate network connections, as well as control and display network device status. Here, we will use nmcli utility to change the hostname of redhat linux server.

Connect to your RedHat Linux server for which you want to change hostname. Run below commands to change hostname of your linux server.

#Connect to RedHat Linux server using root access.
sudo su

#Check existing hostname of RHEL server
hostname

#Change hostname of Redhat Linux server to techyazRHEL-nmCLI. 
#Change your new hostname in place of techyazRHEL-nmCLI.
nmcli general hostname techyazRHEL-nmCLI

#You can also check the hostname of Redhat linux server using nmcli utility.
nmcli general hostname

You can see hostname of RHEL server has been changed to techyazRHEL-nmCLI in above screenshot. Your PuTTY terminal will display new hostname once you open new session.

If new hostname is not showing after running above command then you should restart service systemd-hostnamed to reflect changes as we did in first section. You can see new hostname while launching new session in below screenshot.

Rename Hostname of RedHat Linux Server using hostnamectl

The hostnamectl tool is provided for administering the host names in use on a given system. First we will check the existing hostname of this server by running hostname command. We can also check the hostname using hostnamectl utility.

Connect to your Redhat Linux server using root and check the existing hostname.

#Connect to Linux server using root.
sudo su

#Check existing hostname.
hostname
or 
hostnamectl status

#Change hostname to techyazRHEL.
hostnamectl set-name techyazRHEL

You can check the hostname post renaming it. You can see new hostname in above image. Putty terminal will display new hostname once you open new session as shown in below image.

We can set all three kind of hostnames (Static, Pretty and Transient) using hostnamectl utility. Static name is mandatory whereas remaining two is optional. If you will not pass any hostname type in above command, same name will be set for all three hostnames. I haven’t used any hostname option in above command so all hostname options will have same name. Let’s check this in below image.

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SQL tools will be installed using mssql-tools package. The mssql-tools package contains two utilities:

• sqlcmd: Command-line query utility.
• bcp: Bulk import-export utility.

Before going ahead, we need Ubuntu server and SQL Server 2017 running on that instance. If you have no idea about installing Ubuntu server or SQL Server 2017 or creating a virtual machine where you can install Ubuntu and SQL Server then i would recommend you to read below articles.

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• How to Install Ubuntu on a virtual machine.

SQL Tools Installation on Ubuntu – ONLINE Method/Using Internet

Installing any package on Ubuntu Linux is straight forward method if our server has internet connection and able to access online repositories. But it becomes painful if your Ubuntu server has no access of internet. Below is the list of articles that you can use to learn offline method of SQL Server Installations on Ubuntu and RHEL.

• Install SQL Server on Ubuntu – Offline Method/Without Internet
• How to install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu – Offline Method
• Installing SQL Tools on Ubuntu Server using Offline Method/Without Internet
• How to Install SQL Server on Redhat linux – Offline Method

Before moving ahead let’s check whether SQL Server is installed or not on this machine. Run below command to check the SQL Server service.

#Check SQL Tools
sqlcmd

#Check SQL Server Service
systemctl status mssql-server

We can see SQL Server is installed and running fine on this server but SQL tools are not installed because sqlcmd is not throwing any output.

Let’s start with importing public repository GPG keys to install sqlcmd and bcp. Run below curl command to import the keys.

curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo apt-key add -

Now we will register Microsoft Ubuntu repository by running below commands.

curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/prod.list | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/msprod.list

Next step is to update the source list by running given command.

sudo apt-get update 

Once you execute above command, a series of execution will start and update all source packages.

Once above command will be executed, we will run below command to install SQL tools with required unix package.

sudo apt-get install mssql-tools unixodbc-dev

You can see mssql-tools package is installed in below image.

Now you can go ahead and use sql tools. If you are facing any issue during accessing sqlcmd utility then you need to set path environment variable using below steps. Run below command to set the path environment variables. Ubuntu will not be able to recognize sqlcmd utility unless you set the path environment variable. Ubuntu is able to recognize sqlcmd utility once we set the path environment variables.

#To make sqlcmd/bcp accessible from the bash shell for login sessions, modify your PATH in the ~/.bash_profile file
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bash_profile

#To make sqlcmd/bcp accessible from the bash shell for interactive/non-login sessions, modify the PATH in the ~/.bashrc file
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

You can see, sqlcmd is recognized by ubuntu after setting path environment variable in below image.

Now connect to SQL Server instance using sqlcmd and run a command to validate this installation. I have checked the SQL Server version installed on ubuntu server. You can see the details in below image that SQL Server 2017 is installed on this Ubuntu server. Now we have done with SQL Tools installation on Ubuntu server.

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Install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu Linux

Let’s first check whether SQL Server Agent is installed or not on your existing server.  Before installing SQL Server Agent, you must install SQL Server 2017  on your ubuntu server. If you have already installed SQL Server 2017 then you can connect to SQL Server that you have installed on Ubuntu server in SSMS.

Related Articles:

• Install SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu Server that is not connected to Internet
• SQL Server Agent Installation on Ubuntu Server that has no internet connection
• Install SQL Tools on Ubuntu Server that does not have internet access.
• Install SQL Server on Red Hat Linux Server

As we can see, SQL Server Agent or SQL Agent is disabled and none of its options are showing as enabled in below image. This is because SQL Server Agent package is not installed on that Ubuntu server.

SQL Agent Package comes with SQL Server 2017 package repository so if you have downloaded SQL Server 2017 repository, you can just run installation command to install SQL Server Agent. You can have a look at my last article where I have installed SQL Server 2017 to understand how to download Microsoft Ubuntu repositories. As we have already installed SQL Server 2017 by downloading its repositories so we can directly install SQL Server Agent here. Run below command to install SQL Server Agent package.

#Install SQL Server Agent
sudo apt-get install mssql-server-agent

You can see SQL Server Agent is installed on this machine in above screenshot and also this installation is suggesting us to restart the SQL Server service to enable SQL Server Agent. Now run below command to restart SQL Server service on this machine. You can see we have restarted SQL Server service in below image.

#Restart SQL Server Service
systemctl restart mssql-server

#Check SQL Server Service Status
systemctl status mssql-server

Now connect to SQL Server Instance in SSMS client. You can also connect to SQL Server using sqlcmd utility but we need to separately install this utility to make database connection that we will do in another article. If you are already connected to SQL Server instance in SSMS then just right click on Agent folder and click on refresh button.

You can see SQL Server Agent folder is enabled and all options are showing now in below image. Even now we can create any agent job to schedule any database tasks now.

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Before going ahead, we need Ubuntu Linux 16.04 server. If you don’t have Ubuntu server then you can create a virtual machine and install Ubuntu 16.04 Server with the help of attached articles in the link.

Install SQL Server on Ubuntu Server

Below are the steps you should follow to install SQL Server 2017 on your Ubuntu 16.04 machine that are connected to internet.

1- First step is to connect to Ubuntu Server locally or using PuTTY.

2- Once you are connected to Ubuntu server, run below command to download the public repository GPG keys:

#Download GPG Keys
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo apt-key add –

3- We can see curl package is not installed on this machine so first we should install curl here. Run below command to install CURL package.

#Install CURL Package.
Sudo apt install curl

Once curl will be installed, run curl command that are given in step 2 again to download the GPG keys.

4- Register the Microsoft Ubuntu Repository by running any of the below commands. First command is older one and for RC (Release Candidate) version. If you want to install SQL Server 2017 general availability version then run second command.

#Register Microsoft Ubuntu Repository for RC version
sudo add-apt-repository "$(curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/mssql-server-2017.list)"

#Run this command if you are downloading GA (General Availability) Repository.
sudo curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc \| sudo apt-key add - && sudo add-apt-repository "$(curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/mssql-server-2017.list)"

We can see add-apt-repository command is not found so we will first install the required package for this command on this server.

#Install add-apt-repository package
Sudo apt-get install software-properties-common

Type y to proceed in above image. Once installed, again run command given in this step initially. Run the one given for general availability.

5- Update the repository by running below command. A series of executions will start during update process.

#Update All Packages
Sudo apt-get update

6- Install SQL Server by running below command.

#Install SQL Server 2017
Sudo apt-get install -y mssql-server

7- Install above suggested package mssql-conf to configure SQL Server 2017. This package will ask you to accept license terms and choose SQL Server edition as shown in below image.

 #Run below utility to configure SQL Server 
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup 

8- Now check the SQL Server service by running below command. We can see service is running now.

#Check SQL Server service
systemctl status mssql-server

9- Now, you can connect to this instance using SSMS client from your local host or from the server where you have installed SSMS. Make sure that there should be connectivity between both servers. SQL Agent is disabled because it is not installed yet.  Read this article to install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu Server to get it enabled for Agent jobs and other agent related features.

10- If you face any issue during connectivity, you can check SQL Server port no 1433. If it is not open, run below command to enable port no 1433 and then establish the connection.

#Open port 1433
sudo ufw allow 1433

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Network error: Ubuntu ssh Connection Refused

I faced ubuntu connection refused error while establishing a connection to Ubuntu Linux virtual machine from host computer. I installed PuTTY on my host and tried to connect to Ubuntu Linux machine. Let’s check the IP of Ubuntu server that we had used to make connection from PuTTY terminal. Run ipconfig command to get these details.

#Check IP of Ubuntu Server
ipconfig

We can see the IP details of the Ubuntu server that is showing 192.168.209.134. We have used this IP to establish server connection and end up with this PuTTY fatal error.

I tried to connect to Ubuntu server post getting IP from above command but I got ubuntu ssh connection refused error during this operation. The details of PuTTY Fatal Error that caused ubuntu connection refused is given below.

Solution

We faced ubuntu ssh connection refused error and failed to connect to Ubuntu Server remotely using PuTTY terminal because SSH, or Secure Shell is not installed on the Ubuntu server. SSH, or Secure Shell, is a protocol used to securely log onto remote systems. Our next step is to install SSH on the Ubuntu server. Run below command to start this installation.

#Install SSH on Ubuntu Server
sudo apt-get install openssh-server

It will check the dependencies and ask you to type y to proceed with the installation as shown in below image.

A series of all required packages will download and set up to install SSH. Once SSH will be installed on your Ubuntu server it will look like below image.

You can also reconfirm the installation by executing same command which you ran to install it. You can say, it is saying newest version is already installed on this server.

Now launch PuTTY terminal on your host computer or a computer from where you want to connect to the Ubuntu server and enter IP address of Ubuntu server to establish connection. Once you click on connect button, you will get a window for the very first time only. Click on Yes button of that window to proceed. Once you will click on Yes button you will be connected to your Ubuntu server remotely.

Now we can see putty connection refused error is fixed and we can connect to Ubuntu server remotely using PuTTY terminal. If you want to change configurations of SSH you can refer to attached document. This way you can fix ubuntu ssh connection refused error.

Here, we have fixed ubuntu putty connection refused error. I hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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Check IP Address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway

Launch PuTTY and connect to Linux server. Run ifconfig command.

#Check IP address and Gateway Mask
ifconfig

You will see output of this command like below screenshot.

Focus on the area which is highlighted in red colour. The IP address of this Linux server is 192.168.0.1 which is labeled as inet. You can see the subnet mask of this server which is showing 255.255.255.0 as netmask. We can also see the connection interface name of this machine that is ens33. The connection interface name will be used later in next section during changing IP addresses, subnet mask and gateway details.

Now we knew how to check the IP Address & Subnet Mask of your Linux computer. Now next step is to check the default gateway of this server. Run below command route -n to get the details of default gateway.

#Check Default Gateway
route -n

We can see the gateway IP is given in below screenshot for the same connection interface name ens33.

Change IP Address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway

We knew how to get the IP address, subnet mask and gateway details of Linux server. Now i will explain how to change these addresses if needed. We will use same command ifconfig to change the IP address and subnet mask. Before proceeding, make sure you have interface name and new IPs. You can get interface name from ipconfig command. The connection interface name of my machine is ens33 as shown in above screenshots. Run below command to change these two values.

#Replace ens33 to your connection interface name. You can get it from ifconfig command.
sudo ifconfig ens33 192.168.209.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

We can see command executed successfully. You can validate the new IP address by running ifconfig command again. I have not changed netmask and kept same. If you want to change it please pass your netmask address.

Now we can see we have changed the IP address and netmask address for this Linux server. Next we can check the gateway address to validate what will be the impact on gateway post changing the IP address and netmask address. Run route -n again to get the details.

We can see gateway address is not set yet and the one showing on first section is not showing now. So let’s change the gateway address for this server. Run below command to change the gateway address.

#change the name of gateway address. Change the connection interface name from ens33 to your name.
sudo route add default gw 192.168.209.250 ens33

Once command will be executed successfully, you can validate this change by running route -n command again.

We can see the new gateway address in above screen. These are the commands that can be used to check and change the IP address, netmask address and gateway address.

Related Articles

• How to Change Hostname of RedHat Linux Server?
• Reset or Change Linux Passwords for users and root?
• How to Change PuTTY Background Color to White?

Please comment us if you have any question. Also i hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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Linux Error: User is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

Sudoers file determines which users can run administrative tasks, those requiring superuser privileges. I was failed to perform certain tasks because my username was not part of this file and returned with below error.

Linux Error: User is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

Someone who has super user (su) access can fix this issue by adding the impacted user to the Wheel group. The wheel group is a special user group used on Linux systems to control access to the sudo command, which allows a user to behave as super user. Once we will add our user into this group, we will be able to use sudo command.

Adding a Linux User to Sudoers File

Connect to your Linux server using superuser account.

#Connect using su
su

We have now connected to Linux server using superuser account. Now we can add our username to the Wheel group.

#Add your user to the Wheel group. 
#Change techyaz to your user name.
usermod -G wheel techyaz

Now we see that command executed successfully. If you attempt to execute the sudo command now, you might get the same error message unless you completely logout your user and re-login again. Next you can exit from superuser account by typing exit on the prompt.

#Exit su account
exit

Your account or user added to sudoers file now by adding it to wheel group. You can now connect to Linux server from your PuTTY terminal or on the local server and try to run sudo command post completely logout your user and re-login on the server.

#Connect to Linux server using your user name that was added to wheel group.
#Run sudo su
sudo su

You can see we have access to run anything using sudo command in above screenshot. Now your username is part of sudoers file so you can perform your activities using sudo command now.

Read more:

• How to Install Red Hat Linux 7.3 on Virtual Machine
• Fixing PuTTY connection issue while connecting to Red Hat Linux Server
• Installing SQL Server 2017 on Red Hat Linux Server

Here, we have fixed Linux error “User is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.” I hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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Before going ahead, we need a SQL Server Instance running on Ubuntu Linux Server. If you have no idea about installing Ubuntu server or SQL Server 2017 or creating a virtual machine where you can install Ubuntu/RHEL and SQL Server then i would recommend you to read below articles.

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• How to Install Ubuntu Linux 16.04 on a virtual machine.
• Installing SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu Server – Offline Installation.
• Install SQL Tools on Ubuntu Server – Offline Installation.
• Install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu – Online Method

Offline Installation of SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu

It is time consuming to install anything if your Ubuntu server has no access of internet. We generally call such installations as offline installation. Microsoft suggests below steps for offline installation of SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu server.

• Download SQL Server Agent packages.
• Move this downloaded package to your Ubuntu Linux Machine.
• Install the copied debian package on the server.
• Resolve Missing Dependencies, if you get any.

Now we will go step by step process with the screenshots that will help readers to understand whole process.

SQL Server Agent Offline Installation – Step by Step

Before moving ahead let’s check whether SQL Server Agent is installed or not on this machine. You can connect to SQL Server instance using SSMS on your local host. You can see we are able to see SQL Server Agent folder but it is grayed out and not accessible. We need to install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu server to enable it.

You can check and verify SQL Server service by executing below command.

#Check SQL Server Service.
systemctl status mssql-server

You should proceed if SQL Server service is running fine. Next step is to start the package download and proceed with installation. Below is the image of SQL Server Agent Package which we will download to install SQL Server Agent.

Download the highlighted debian package for SQL Server Agent. You can download this package on machine or PC which is connected to the internet. Once package will be downloaded to your local PC, next step is to copy this packages to the Ubuntu Linux server that are running without internet connection. I used WinSCP tool to copy this file from machine where i have downloaded it to the Linux server. Make sure that there should be connectivity between both machine.

If you have not installed WinSCP, download it and install on your PC. Launch WinSCP tool and make a connection to Ubuntu server. There are two panes in WinSCp window. The files shows in left side pane is your local system and right side pane is your target Ubuntu server. Now we just need to drag the downloaded debian package from left side pane and drop it to right side pane to copy it to Ubuntu server. Agent file is copied now and we can see that files in both side panes.

Now we can connect to Ubuntu server and validate whether this file is copied there or not. Connect to Ubuntu server and check the files. We can see downloaded file is very much there on Ubuntu server. Now next step is to install this package. We will use the dpkg package to install it as we do for other applications on Ubuntu. Let’s install it by running below command.

#Install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu
sudo dpkg -i mssql-server-agent_14.0.900.75-1_amd64.deb

This installation has suggested us to restart SQL Server service to complete this installation so go ahead and restart the service by executing below command.

#Restart SQL Server Service.
systemctl restart mssql-server

Now SQL Server Agent is installed on this server. Go ahead connect to this SQL Server Instance using SSMS from local host. This time you would be able to see SQL Server Agent folder enabled.

You can see SQL Server Agent is showing there. Now you can create any jobs on SQL Server to automate database activities.

Read more about SQL Server on RedHat Linux:

• Installing RedHat Linux 7.3 on a virtual machine.
• Install SQL Server 2017 on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.
• How to Install SQL Tools on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.
• SQL Server Agent Installation on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.

I hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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• sqlcmd: Command-line query utility.
• bcp: Bulk import-export utility.

Before going ahead, we need a Ubuntu server and SQL Server 2017 running on that instance. If you have no idea about installing Ubuntu server or SQL Server 2017 or creating a virtual machine where you can install Ubuntu and SQL Server then i would recommend you to read below articles.

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• How to Install Ubuntu Linux Server on a virtual machine
• Installing SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu Server – Offline Installation

SQL Tools Installation on Ubuntu – Offline/Without Internet

Installing any package on Ubuntu Linux is straight forward method if your server has internet connection and able to access online repositories. But it becomes painful if your Ubuntu server has no access of internet. We generally call such installations as offline installation. Microsoft suggests below steps for offline installation of SQL Server Tools on Ubuntu server.

• Download all sql tools related packages. i.e msodbc & mssql-tools
• Move these downloaded packages to your Ubuntu Server.
• Install the copied debian packages on the server.
• Resolve Missing Dependencies, if you get any.
• Set the Path environment Variables for this package.

Now we will follow step by step process with the screenshots that will help readers to understand this process.

Download & Copy SQL Tools Packages to Ubuntu Server

Before moving ahead let’s check whether SQL Server is installed or not on this machine. Run below command to check the SQL Server service.

#Check SQL Server Service
systemctl status mssql-server

We can see SQL Server is installed and running fine on this server. Now you can just type sqlcmd to check sql tool is installed or not. We can see it is not installed yet. As we can see SQL Tools are not installed so next step will package download and installation of that package.

Let’s start with downloading the debian package for SQL Tools. You can download the required SQL Tools debian packages for Ubuntu from the attached link or from Microsoft Repositories. You can download these packages on a machine or PC that is connected to the internet. Below are the list of debian packages which needs to be downloaded to install sql tools.

• msodbcsql_13.1.6.0-1_amd64.deb
• mssql-tools_14.0.5.0-1_amd64.deb

SQL Tools package installation depends on msodbcsql package that must be installed first to avoid any dependency issue. Once package will be downloaded on your local PC, next step is to copy above downloaded packages to the Ubuntu server that are running without internet connection.

You can use any tool, application or method to copy this file from localhost to Ubuntu Linux server. I used WinSCP tool to copy this file from machine where i have downloaded the package to the Ubuntu Linux server. Make sure that there should be connectivity between both machine.

If you have not installed WinSCP yet, download and install it on your PC. Launch WinSCP tool and make a connection to Ubuntu server. I have explained about WinSCP in my last articles, you can follow it to get more details. Once you established the connection, WinSCP will look like below image.

Now we just need to drag the downloaded debian packages from left side pane and drop it to right side pane to copy it to Ubuntu Linux server. Files are copied now and we can see them in both side panes.

You can see SQL Tools packages are copied to location \home\techyaz\ in above screenshot. Now we can connect to Ubuntu server and validate whether files are copied there or not.

Connect to Ubuntu server and check the files. You can run ls -lrt to check the files. Once packages will be copied to ubuntu server, next step is to first install msodbcsql package. Run below command to start the installation.

#Install msodbcsql package
sudo dpkg -i msodbcsql_13.1.6.0-1_amd64.deb

Here we will use dpkg package management system for installation because SQL Tools are debian packages for Ubuntu servers. We can see below dependencies error while executing msodbc package. Now our next step is to fix these dependency issues and then kick off the installation again.

Resolve Dependencies

We can see msodbcsql package depends on unixODBC package so first we need to download, move and install unixODBC package on Ubuntu server.

Resolving dependencies are painful job because every package has some dependencies and you need to download and install all such packages manually if you don’t have internet connection on Ubuntu server. If your Ubuntu server has internet connection, all dependencies will be installed using online repository.

Now let’s download and move unixODBC package to Ubuntu server. We can download all required debian packages from attached link.  We can see unixODBC package has been copied to the server now in below image.

Install this package now.

#Install unixODBC Package.
sudo dpkg -i unixodbc_2.3.1-4.1_amd64.deb

We can see this package has another dependency error. That means UnixODBC package is dependent on given packages i.e. libodbc1 & odbcinst1debian2.

When i downloaded libodbc1 and tried to install it, this package failed because of another dependency.

We can see the dependent package in above image. I downloaded package libltdl7 and installed on Ubuntu server. libltdl7 package got installed successfully without any dependency error.

Once libltdl7 package will be installed, next step is to install all dependencies in reverse order. Here we will install libodbc1 then unixodbc followed by msodbcsql package.

We have seen, there were two dependencies to install unixODBC package. One libodbc1 has been installed. Please perform similar exercise to install another dependency odbcinst1debian2. Once both packages will be installed, go ahead and install unixodbc in order to install msodbcsql package.

If you want to check all dependencies for these packages, you can get it by running below command.

#Check dependencies of both packages.
dpkg -I msodbcsql_13.1.6.0-1_amd64.deb | grep "Depends:"
dpkg -I mssql-tools_14.0.5.0-1_amd64.deb | grep "Depends:"

If you have internet connection on your Ubuntu server then this task will be very easy to perform. You just need to execute below command to install unixodbc package.

#Install unixodbc on Ubuntu if server is connected to Internet.
sudo apt-get -f install unixodbc

SQL Tools Installation

We have resolved all dependencies errors in above section. Now we will install SQL Tools to establish database connection to SQL Server instance from ubuntu server. Run below command to install the msodbcsql package again post resolving dependencies.

#Install msodbcsql Package
sudo dpkg -i msodbcsql_13.1.6.0-1_amd64.deb

Once you will execute above command, you will get below screen to accept the license terms. Choose Yes and press enter button to proceed.

Once you press enter, package execution will start. You can see msodbcsql package is installed successfully now.

Next we will install another package mssql-tools now. Run below command to start the installation.

#Install mssql-tools Package
sudo dpkg -i mssql-tools_14.0.5.0-1_amd64.deb

Again this package will ask you to accept the license terms just like msodbcsql package. Choose yes and press enter to proceed.

You cans see mssql-tools package is installed in below image.

Final step is to set the path environment variables. Run below command to set the path environment variables. Ubuntu will not be able to recognize sqlcmd utility unless you set the path environment variable. You can see that in below screenshot. Ubuntu is able to recognize sqlcmd utility once we set the path environment variables.

#To make sqlcmd/bcp accessible from the bash shell for login sessions, modify your PATH in the ~/.bash_profile file
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bash_profile

#To make sqlcmd/bcp accessible from the bash shell for interactive/non-login sessions, modify the PATH in the ~/.bashrc file
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

Now connect to SQL Server instance using sqlcmd and run a command to validate this installation. I have checked the SQL Server version installed on ubuntu server.

We get above details that SQL Server 2017 is installed on this Ubuntu server by executing sqlcmd utility. Now we have done with SQL Tools installation on Ubuntu server. Go ahead and connect to your Ubuntu server using SQL Tools.

Read more about SQL Server on RedHat Linux:

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• Installing RedHat Linux 7.3 on a virtual machine.
• Install SQL Server 2017 on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.
• How to Install SQL Tools on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.
• SQL Server Agent Installation on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.

I hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

The post Step by Step Process to Install SQL Tools on Ubuntu Server running without Internet – Offline Installation appeared first on Techyaz.com.

We can easily install SQL Server on Ubuntu server if we have internet access to the online repositories but what if we don’t have internet access to the server. Here i will explain how to perform offline installation of SQL Server on Ubuntu 16.04 Server.

Before going ahead, we need Ubuntu Linux 16.04 server. If you don’t have Ubuntu server then you can create a virtual machine and install Ubuntu 16.04 Server with the help of attached articles in the link.

Offline Installation of SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu Server

Installing SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu Linux is straight forward method if your server has internet connection and able to access online repositories. But it becomes painful if your Ubuntu server has no access of internet. We generally call it offline installation. Microsoft suggests below steps for offline installation of SQL Server on Ubuntu Linux server.

• Download the database engine package which you need to install.
• Move this downloaded packages to your Ubuntu Machine.
• Install the copied Debian package on the server.
• Resolve Missing Dependencies, if you get any. This is most painful step in Offline Installation.
• Complete the SQL Server Setup by running mssql-conf.

Now we will go step by step process with the screenshots that will help readers to understand this process.

Download & Move SQL Server Debian Package on the Server

Let’s start with downloading the debian package for SQL Server database engine. You can download the required debian packages from release notes or from Microsoft repositories. I downloaded database engine package from SQL Server 2017 Release Notes. You can download this package on a machine or PC which is connected to the internet. Below is the image of debian packages that can be downloaded.

Next, we need to copy above downloaded package to our Ubuntu server that doesn’t have internet connection. You can use any tool, application or method to copy this file from local host to Ubuntu server. I used WinSCP tool to copy this file from machine where i have downloaded the packge to the Ubuntu server. Make sure that there should be connectivity between both machine.

If you have not installed WinSCP, download it and install on your PC. Launch WinSCP tool and make a connection to Ubuntu server. You can see i entered all details and credentials in below image to make connection. Once you save the details, login button will enable. Click on Login button to establish connection.

It will again ask you to enter password, type the password and press enter to make connection to the Ubuntu Server.

There are two panes in WinSCp window. The files shows in left side pane is your local system and right side pane is your target Ubuntu server.

Now we just need to drag the downloaded debian package from left side pane and drop it to right side pane to copy it to Ubuntu server. You can see the copy process in below screen.

You can see debian package is copied to location \home\techyaz\ in below image. So, we can connect to Ubuntu server and validate whether file is copied there or not.

Connect to Ubuntu server. Check the package in location \home\techyaz\. We can see downloaded file is very much there on Ubuntu server. I have also validated whether SQL Server is installed on this machine previously by someone else or not by checking its service in below image. We can see SQL Server is not installed on this machine yet.

#Check the copied package.
ls -lrt

#Check SQL Server Service.
systemctl status mssql-service

Now our next step is to install this package.

#Install SQL Server debian package.
sudo dpkg -i mssql-server_versionnumber_amd64.deb

dpkg is a package manager for Debian-based systems. It can install, remove, and build packages. I ran installation command using dpkg command which is showing in below image. A series of execution will start followed by checking the dependencies. If you will face any dependency issue, you should first resolve all missing dependencies then proceed with the installation. Best way to fix missing dependencies is to download the required package, copy them to the Ubuntu server and install them if you don’t have internet connection on Ubuntu server.

Resolve Dependencies

I faced few dependency issues while installing above debian package. I ran below command to check all dependencies for this SQL Server debian package.

#Check Package Dependency for below package
dpkg -I mssql-server_versionnumber_amd64.deb

You can see the list of dependencies showing into highlighted area which needs to be installed before installing SQL Server package. It’s very easy to install all such packages into one go by executing below command if your server is connected to Internet. This will download and install all required packages from online repository.

#Install all dependencies
sudo apt-get -f install libunwind8 libnuma1 libc6 adduser libjemalloc1 libc++1 gdb debconf libcurl3 hostname openssl openssl python libgssapi-krb5-2 libsss-nss-idmap0 gawk sed

It will ask you to enter Y to proceed with the installation for all given packages in the command. You can see all such packages have been installed using online repository.

But here, we are installing SQL Server on ubuntu server into offline mode that means we don’t have access to internet on the server. In that case, we need to manually download each and every package, move them to Ubuntu server the way we moved SQL Server package and then install all of them there. This is time consuming task because every package has some other dependencies. I downloaded and installed all these packages on Ubuntu Server to proceed. There are lot of packages i installed to fix dependencies. It was not possible for me to take all screenshots so i did not attach them here.

Offline Installation

Once all dependencies have been resolved, move ahead to install SQL Server on this server. Run below command to execute the installation.

#Install SQL Server on Ubuntu
sudo dpkg -i mssql-server_versionnumber_amd64.deb

We can see SQL Server has been successfully installed on this Ubuntu server. You can see this in below image. Setup also suggests us to run another command to complete this installation. We will execute this command in next step.

Now we will run below command to set the sa password and accept the license terms for SQL Server using mssql-conf utility. mssql-conf is a Microsoft SQL Server Configuration utility that are used to configure such parameters.

#Run SQL Server Configuration
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup

This execution will ask us to accept the License terms, select the SQL Server edition and also tell us to set the sa password. Let us do that to complete this installation. Once you execute above command, it will ask us to enter YES to access the license terms. Type YES and press enter.

Once you press enter post accepting license terms, setup will give you options to choose SQL Server edition. Select correct edition as per your requirement. You can see only first three editions are free and rest of all are paid. I selected option 2 to proceed. Once you choose SQL Server edition, it will ask you to set sa login password. Make sure to enter complex password for sa and do not share it to anybody. The moment you set the sa password, SQL Server configuration will proceed to complete the configuration and will be ready to use.

Now SQL Server is installed, but sometimes you may face issue connecting to your SQL Server instance. You need to run below commands to open the SQL Server port on the firewall on the Ubuntu server if you are facing issue during remote connections.

#Enable port 1433 for remote connection
sudo ufw allow 1433

Now, you can check the SQL Server service to validate this installation. Run the same command which we have run to check the SQL Server service before starting the installation.

Now your SQL Server is ready to use. You can connect to this instance using SSMS client tool. Next step is to install SQL Tools  (sqlcmd & bcp utilities) and SQL Server Agent on this server.  Read below articles if you want to install SQL Tools and SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu Server.

• How to Install SQL Tools on Ubuntu Server – Offline Installation
• Step by Step method to install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu Server – Offline Installation
• Install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu that has been connected to internet

I have connected to SQL Server installed on Ubuntu server from SSMS client. We can see SQL Server Agent is grayed out that is because SQL Server Agent is not installed yet. Read above attached articles to install SQL Server Agent on this Ubuntu Server.

Read more about SQL Server on RedHat Linux:

• Installing RedHat Linux 7.3 on a virtual machine.
• Install SQL Server 2017 on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.
• How to Install SQL Tools on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.
• SQL Server Agent Installation on RedHat Linux – Offline Installation.

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