Normally the cat command is applied for basically three things in particular:

• Display the contents of a file
• Copy text files to another text file
• Append a text file’s contents to another text file

Being a UNIX command it is ported to all GNU/LINUX distributions and of course, it has options to expand and vary the power of the command itself.  Let’s see the output at the terminal if we do the following command:

cat --help

The command shows us a quick help on the cat command including its options.

The basic usage syntax is:

cat [OPTION] [FILE]…

And the list of commands is shown in this table:

Don’t worry; we’ll examine the most useful options with several examples.

Display Content of File

If we want to show the content of a text file, the syntax would be:

cat path_of_the_archive

I’m going to show the content of a file called file1.txt located in the Example folder. Run below command to display file1.txt content.

cat file1.txt

And there we have the content of the file shown on the terminal in above image.

If you would like to display the contents of several files, simply place them next. Run below command to display contents of two files file1.txt and file2.txt.

cat file1.txt file2.txt

The exit at the terminal would be as follows:

You can see the contents of both files one by one in above image.

Identify Specific File Content

As we can see in above image, it simply shows the contents of file 1 and when it ends, it immediately shows the content of file 2 as if they were “concatenated”. If you would like to know where the content of each file ends, then use the -e option to show a $ at the end of the file.

cat –e file1.txt file2.txt

Add Number of Lines in Output

If you want to display the number of lines along with the file content then you can show it by adding -n option. Run below command to display the line numbers while displaying the file content.

cat –n file1.txt file2.txt

Copy Contents of One file to Another

We can also copy the content of one text file to another using CAT command. Run below command to copy content of file1.txt to file4.txt.

cat file1.txt > file4.txt

In this case, the command reads the contents of file1.txt and overwrites the contents of the new file. If it does not exist, it is simply created. Now we can validate above command whether contents have been copied to not. Now we proceed to show the contents of file4.txt to verify that it made the “copy”. Display content of file4.txt by running below command.

cat file4.txt

We can see the content is same as file1.txt in above image.

Combine or Append the Content of One File to Another

The cat command also allows us to combine or append a text file data to another one, thanks to the operator >>

In this case, we will combine the content of file1.txt with that of file2.txt

cat file1.txt >> file2.txt

And then we check the contents of the file2.txt file to validate it.

cat file2.txt

We can see contents have been combined in to this file. Basically the command takes the content of file1.txt and places it at the end of the file2.txt file

As a conclusion we can say that the cat command is a useful and important command to work with text files in GNU/LINUX and everything about the terminal. It is very useful for managing service configuration files on a server.

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Read More:

• 11 Examples of ls command to List Files in Linux
• Add, Delete & Modify Linux User Accounts
• How to Reset or Change Linux User Passwords?
• How to Change Linux Server Name?

The post How to Use CAT Command on Linux System? appeared first on Techyaz.com.

Note: The language in some of the screenshots is not in English but the command we have executed in English language. You just need to run the given commands and execution in your screen will show based on your preferred language set on the system,

Install Zabbix on Ubuntu 16.04

The first thing we have to do is update the system in order to have the latest security updates.

sudo apt update && sudo apt –y upgrade

With this composite command, we refresh the repository cache and at the same time say yes to updates.

Once you will enter sudo password in above screen, a series of transactions will be executed as shown in below screenshot.

Once we have the system updated, the next thing we need to do is to install a basic LAMP server to run the Zabbix and mysql frontend as database manager.

sudo apt install apache2 libapache2-mod-php7.0 mysql-server-5.7 mysql-client php7.0 php7.0-mysql php7.0-curl php7.0-json php7.0-cgi php-xml php-mbstring php-bcmath

Once you will execute above command, you will be getting a sequence of executions as shown in below image.

Once the LAMP server is installed, we must edit the php. ini file to set our time zone correctly. In my case “America/Caracas”.

sudo nano /etc/php/7.0/apache2/php.ini

Once you will execute above command, you will get below screen to edit the time zone. Inside the archive, we locate the part where the time zone is established and edit it with our own.

Now we will restart Apache service using below command..

sudo systmectl restart apache2.service

Now we must add the Zabbix repository, to do this we must download a. deb file hosted on their website.

wget http://repo.zabbix.com/zabbix/3.4/ubuntu/pool/main/z/zabbix-release/zabbix-release_3.4-1+xenial_all.deb

And then install it to add the repository.

sudo dpkg –i zabbix-release_3.4-1+xenial_all.deb

Now we must refresh the program sources cache and install zabbix packages. Run below command to update the repository.

sudo apt update

You can see the execution of above command.

Run below command to initiate the execution.

sudo apt install zabbix-server-mysql zabbix-frontend-php zabbix-agent

We can see the installation in below image.

Configure MySQL

In this step we must configure mysql, skip this if you already had an installation before.

sudo mysql_secure_installation

To the questions we must answer yes or no according to our needs. For this tutorial, the answers to these questions are no problem. The important thing is to remember the Mysql root password.

Then we must log in to Mysql when entering the command, we must enter the root password.

mysql –u root –p

Once inside, we must create the zabbix database.

CREATE DATABASE zabbix

We then create and give permission to a new Mysql user to use zabbix. This is a good security practice for our server.

GRANT ALL ON zabbix TO ‘zabbix’@localhost IDENTIFIED BY ‘zabbixpss’;

Replace’ zabbixpss’ with another username if you prefer, and’ zabbixpss’ with another password. you can see all above steps in below command.

Next we must “copy” the configuration of Mysql to the new zabbix user.

zcat /usr/share/doc/zabbix-server-mysql*/create.sql.gz | mysql –u zabbix –p

However at this point I got the error of “No database selected”. Don’t worry, we’ll figure it out. To fix error 1046, we must first copy and unzip the MySql creation file.

And then edit the “create.sql” file, we just must add USE zabbix; at the beginning of the file.

nano create.sql

Save and we will be able to import the file.

cat create.sql | mysql –u zabbix –p

This completes the configuration process of the database manager.

Now we proceed to edit the configuration file of zabbix to add the database parameters that the application will use.

sudo nano /etc/zabbix/zabbix_server.conf

Verify below parameters from below screenshot.

DBHost=localhost

DBName=zabbix

DBUser=zabbix

DBPassword=zabbixpss

These parameters are the ones that we have to locate in the archive and change for the positions.

Then we must restart Apache2 and Zabbix services.

sudo systemctl restart apache2.service
sudo systemctl restart zabbix-server.service

Configure Zabbix

Now, it’s ready. We have to go to our web browser and access from the ip address of the server computer.

http://IP_ADRESS/zabbix 

Then we proceed to configure it, pressing next. We check that all prerequisites are satisfied.

In this screen we must configure the database parameters that we have made in the previous steps.

Then you have to configure the server parameters. In this case, we leave it the same way.

In the end if everything is correct we should see a screen like this.

Finally we can now access through the following form:

Username: admin

Password: zabbix

And after that, we’ll have the main view with our zabbix running on the server.

As a conclusion we can say that Zabbix is a great open source application for server monitoring, its installation in server is relatively simple and is very useful to all system administrators.

Read More:

• How to Install and Use HTop on Linux system?
• Installing PgAdmin 4 on Debian Stretch
• RHEL Interview Questions and Answers

The post How to Install Zabbix on Ubuntu Server 16.04? appeared first on Techyaz.com.

LIST FILES IN LINUX: “ls” COMMAND 

As it was said, the command ls allows you to list files and folders of a specific path, is easy to use and is very useful and used in the daily work. The command has several options to improve the listings. In a terminal, we can invoke the help of the command ls in this way.

ls --help 

Above command will display all options available for ls command to list the files and folders. In this way we get the syntax of usage and options as output per terminal.

As all options will not cover in one single screenshot so i have scrolled the above screen and taken another screenshots to cover all options in screenshots that has been displayed below.

As we can see the documentation is extensive, but don’t worry we will examine the most useful and used options. The basic syntax of the command is:

ls [options] [file|dir]

Although it is possible to use ls from the most basic form only by typing:

#List files from your given directory.
ls

With this we only list the files that are in the directory where we are located in the terminal. For example, if we wanted to list everything in the root directory of our GNU/LINUX distribution it would be with the command:

#List everything in the root directory
ls /

It was easy, wasn’t it?

Most Important Options of the Command “ls”

ls as well as all GNU/LINUX commands have options that modify the basic command execution result. Here is a list of the most outstanding ones for this command.

 Examples of Command “ls”

Here i have given different examples of command ls that you can use to fulfill different requirements.

List Hidden Files 

We can use option -a if we want to list the hidden files of a specific folder, it would be enough to write:

ls –a path

In my case it would be something like that:

ls –a /home/angelo/

You can see all hidden files as well in above screenshot. We can identify hidden files by looking at the output as such files or folders start with dot (.).

Display Files with their Index Number

We can list files with their index number by running below command. To show files/folders with their index number we will use the option –i along with command ls. You can see i have used below command and output is showing in below image.

ls -i /home/angelo/
 

List Files with full Details (Permissions, Index no, Owner, Create Date etc.)

We can use ls command to display information such as permissions and owner of the folder or file. We will be using option -I to show complete information about files and folders as shown in below screenshot.

ls -l /home/angelo/

This output shows us more specific information about what we have in the folder: First it shows the permissions on the folder, its index number, the owner of the folder, who created the folder, its size in kb, the date it was modified and the folder name.

List Files or Folders in a Reverse Order

ls command also gives an option to sort files and folders in reverse order. We can use -r option to show files and folders in a reverse order as shown in below screenshot after running below command.

ls –r  /home/angelo/

List Subdirectories Recursively

We can List subdirectories recursively by adding the -R option with ls command.  It will display the contents of the directory subfolders. Run below command to display the result.

ls –R /home/angelo/

 Display list of Directories Only

We can use -d and an asterisk option to list and show only the directories. Have a look at below command that has displayed the list of directories under /home/angelo.

ls –d */home/angelo/

Display Files Sort by their File Size

Run below command to display files sort by file size. It is possible with the option –S.

ls -S /home/angelo/

Sort by Date/Time

We can option -t to display files sort by date/time. Run below command to see the output that is also showing in below screenshot.

ls –t /home/angelo/

Display Files as they were Created

Use option -U to show folders and files in no order at all. It will display just as they are created.

ls –U /home/angelo/

Sort by File Extension

We can use option -X with ls command to sort files by their extension names. You can see this in below screenshot.

ls –X /home/angelo/

Sort by Modified Files

We can use combination of options -ltr to show last modification file or directory date. Simply run below command to display the output.

ls -lrt

ls -lrt [path]

In conclusion we can say that the ls command, even when it is relatively easy to use, is one of the tools most used by system administrators.

I hope you like this article. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

Read More:

• RHEL Interview Questions & Answers
• Linux User Administration – Add, Delete & Modify User Accounts
• Install HTop and Use it to Monitor Linux Processes
• How to Change Host Name of RHEL system?
• How to Reset or Change Linux User Account Passwords?

The post 11 Examples of ls Command to List Files in Linux appeared first on Techyaz.com.

USERS IN GNU/LINUX 

The first thing we need to know is that, in GNU/LINUX there are different types of users already predefined and each of them have different characteristics for the correct functioning of the system. The first of these is the root user.

Root user

The Root user is the administrator of the operating system, with all options and permissions to perform operations and changes in the system. Its main features are:

• It is the only user account with system-wide privileges.
• In charge of controlling the administration of user accounts.
• It is the only user that can stop the system.
• The root user can install, uninstall and update basic system programs and libraries.

In other words, the root user is the all-powerful user of the system.

Special Users 

They are also called users without login. Their roles in the system are determined by the addition of installed programs. They are distinguished by:

• They are created (usually) automatically at the time of Linux or application installation.
• It does not have all the privileges of the root user, but depending on the account they assume different root privileges.
• They are created when installing the system or any of its extra components.
• Some of them are: bin, daemon, adm, lp, sync, shutdown, mail, operator, squid, apache

Common Users 

These last users are us. That is, they are accounts that are created to use all accessible parts of the system, such as assigned programs and directories. They have a Home directory where they can easily access their documents and files.

• Such users have only full privileges in their working directory or HOME.
• They are used for individual users.
• These users do not have privileges to manage the system or install software. 

How to Create or Add USERS TO Linux Systems?

The adduser command is a “new” alternative to the useradd binary that allows us to add common users to our GNU/LINUX distribution. It is much more “friendly” and intuitive than useradd and allows us to add additional information about the new user. Here we will learn how to create user on Linux system.

In order to use the adduser command we must be root users, for that reason write the following command in a terminal

#Connect using su.
su

You need to write the root password then we can use adduser. The most basic way to use the adduser command is:

adduser new_user 

where new_user is the name of user account. With this “basic” form a new user is created and by giving Enter we are asked to enter the new password for this new user account.

Type the password for your new user account and press Enter. Prompt will ask you to reenter the same password. Re-enter the password and press enter button.

After that you will be asked for any additional information such as Full Name, phone number etc.

At the end, prompt will ask us to confirm the information provided. Type Y to proceed if all information is correct.

Now, as mentioned above, that is the most basic way to create a user but adduser also has options and alternatives to create users. These alternatives are given by the options that can be added to the command, some of them are:

adduser [--home DIR] [--shell SHELL] [--no-create-home] [--uid ID]
[--firstuid ID] [--lastuid ID] [--gecos GECOS] [--ingroup GROUP | --gid ID]
[--disabled-password] [--disabled-login] [--add_extra_groups] USER

You can see various options available with adduser command in above screenshot. Let’s look at example. If you would like to add a user named angelob, and set their home directory to /opt/angelob/ the the command will be as follows.

adduser --home /opt/angelob/ angelob

And then it will ask us for the new password and basic user information. This way you can add user to Linux system.

How to Delete Linux User Accounts? 

As in above section we have learnt how to create user on Linux system. Here i will explain how remove user from Linux system. Removing users from the Linux system is simple and the command to do so is userdel and has many fewer options to make the task. You can see the descriptions for this command in below image.

The easiest way to delete a user is to remove it by running below command. Here user is the name of user account.

#user is the name of user account.
userdel user

We can also delete your entire personal directory with the -r option. Run below command to do this.

userdel -r user

How to Modify Linux User Accounts? 

I have shown how to remove Linux user  in above section. Here, i will explain how to modify a Linux user. To modify users in the GNU/LINUX system we use the command usermod. We can see in the following image the possibilities shown in command:

For example, if we wanted to change the password of a created user, it would be as follows.

#user is the name of Linux user account.
usermod -p ‘new_password’ user

Obviously this method is not recommended because it leaves the password visible. Be careful. Read below article if you want to change your Linux user account password.

• How to Reset or Change User Password on RHEL?

Another useful example is to move the personal folder of the desired user to another one, for it we must combine the options -d and -m in the following way.

usermod -d /opt/angelob1/ -m angelob

With the rest of the options, we only have to place them according to our needs.

In conclusion we can say that the administration of GNU/LINUX users is a matter for system administrators, the subject is wide and with many options to take into account for the creation of them.

Adduser simplifies the creation of user accounts and usermod allows us to modify them in a very fast and dynamic way. And if a user has already completed his life cycle in the system, we can remove it with userdel.

I hope this small guide has been useful to understand a little bit about GNU/LINUX users, clarifying that the commands explained in the article can be used in all popular distributions such as Ubuntu, Red Hat, Suse, Debian and others.
I hope you like this article. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

Read More:

• RHEL Interview Questions and Answers
• How to Change Hostname of RHEL system?
• How to Install and Use Htop to Monitor Linux Processes?
• Install Debian 9 Stretch in Step by Step Process

The post Linux User Administration – Add, Delete & Modify User Accounts appeared first on Techyaz.com.

HTOP is a process viewer on the terminal created for the entire Unix family but has great popularity within GNU/LINUX. The main advantages of this tool are that we can monitor processes, finalize and explore them all from the terminal which guarantees a minimum expenditure of resources.

How to Install Htop on Various Linux Systems?

We can install Htop from your sources or simply from pre-compiled packages. However, Htop is found in most GNU/LINUX distributions through its main repositories. Please have a look at the step by step process to install Htop on Debian, RHEL, Ubuntu and other Linux systems.

Install Htop on Debian 8 Jessie and Debian 9 Stretch

The first thing we need to do is login as root. Type su on your terminal window and press enter followed by typing its password.

su

Once you will be connected using su account, run below command to install Htop on Debian systems.

apt install htop

Install Htop on Ubuntu 14.04  and Ubuntu 16.04

Here, I will show you how to install Htop on Ubuntu servers. Installation of htop on Ubuntu is very much similar to installing it on Debian as we did in above section. In the case of Ubuntu, we must be root user to install htop. Type su and press enter followed by its password.

su

Once we will be connected using root user, we will proceed to install htop on Ubuntu by running below commands. A set of execution will start and execution will finish with its installation.

apt install htop

Install Htop on Fedora 26 and Fedora 27

There is little different way to install Htop on Fedora systems as we use dnf command to install it on fedora. Fedora users can easily install htop as following below steps. First we connect to root privileges using su account. Type su and its password.

su

Once we will be connected using su account, we can invoke dnf which is Fedora package manager. Run below dnf command to install htop on Fedora systems. A set of execution will start and finish with htop installation.

dnf install htop

Install Htop on Gentoo

For Gentoo we must also be root users. Write in a terminal:

su

Once we connected with root user permissions, we can install Htop by invoking Gentoo’s own package manager emerge. Run below command to start Htop installation on Gentoo system. A series of execution will start and finish with its installation.

emerge sys-process/htop

Install Htop on CentOS 7 and Red Hat Linux Enterprise

In the case of CentOS 7, we must first add the EPEL repository and then install it normally. First we logged in as root user to get installation privileges. Connect using su account by typing below command and its password.

su

Once logged in as root user, we proceed to download the package containing the EPEL repository:

wget http://mirror.pnl.gov/epel/7/x86_64/e/epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm

And then install the downloaded package to add the EPEL repository:

rpm -Uvh epel-release-7-5.noarch.rpm

The next step is to “validate” the newly added repository by running below command.

yum repolist

And Finally we will install htop on RHEL and Centos by running below command.

yum install htop 

Basic use of HTOP

We have installed Htop on various Linux systems in above section. We must write the command htop To launch it. Here, it is not necessary to do it as root user. You can see i wrote htop on terminal window and press enter to get the Htop task manager screen in below image.

You will get below screen once you execute above command on your terminal screen.

It’s the initial screen. As we can see, it is very simple and easy to understand. We can have fun in three parts that we will study. In this “first part” we see the use of the processor and RAM by all processes along with other details. On the right side a small summary of them: how many tasks are running and the total active time.

“Second part” also you can say middle part is the main view where all the processes are showing. You can see this in below image.

This is where we have the information through columns that contain details about these processes. The columns are:

• PID: Displays the process identifier number.
• User: The user tells us that he has activated this process.
• PRI: It shows the priority with which the process is executed.
• NI: Shows the priority level
• VIRT: The number of virtual memory used by the process.
• RES: Used ram memory (Megabytes)
• SHR: Shared memory used
• S: Process status (Running, sleeping or zombie)
• CPU%: percentage of CPU used by the process
• MEM%: percentage of ram memory used by the process
• TIME+: Active life-time of the process
• Command: The command that executes the process.

So with this we have all the information of the processes that are running at that time.

The “last part” displays the tools provided by Htop for navigation. For example, allows us to search, sort the processes and the best, for me, the “kill” processes by using shortcut keys.

To kill a process we must navigate through the processes with the up and down keys, select it, press the F9 key, and choose the number that corresponds to the option of killing that serves us. I almost always use the 9th showing in below screen.

In conclusion we can say that Htop is a great tool to visualize the active and non-active processes in our Linux systems. Being terminal-based, it has the advantage of consuming virtually nothing in resources and helps us to close very heavy or unnecessary processes.

Here i have shown you how to install Htop on Red Hat, Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian systems and its uses. I hope you like this article. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

Read More:

• How to Install Debian 9 Stretch?
• How to Install Zebbix on Ubuntu 16.4?
• How to Install RedHat Enterprise Linux?
• Installing Ubuntu 16.04 in Step by Step Process

The post How to Install Htop and Use it to Monitor Linux Processes? appeared first on Techyaz.com.

PostgreSQL is for many the best in its area, and it is not the aim of this article to defend or support that theory, what we can say with all certainty is that it is one of the most robust and secure database handlers that exist. As if this were not enough, it has one of the most popular and complete graphical tools to manage it, such as pgAdmin.

As the project website says: “pgAdmin is the most popular and feature rich Open Source administration and development platform for PostgreSQL, the most advanced Open Source database in the world.” And of course we can install it in our preferred GNU/LINUX distribution. In this case we are going to install it in our Debian 9 Stretch a large GNU/LINUX distribution widely used in the server and database area.

Install pgAdmin 4 on Debian 9 Stretch

Note: In this tutorial it is assumed that you have postgreSQL installed, otherwise, we must install it. You can find the way of doing it in below link.

• How to Install PostgreSQL 10.1 on Debian 9 Stretch

Let’s get started. The first thing we have to do is add the postgreSQL apt repository. If you have installed postgreSQL with the tutorial we have attached above, you can skip these steps. Otherwise we must add it.

First we logged in as root user. Write su in your terminal screen along with its password and press enter to connect.

#Connect using root user
su

Now, use below command to create the pgdp.list file in the /etc/apt/source.list.d/ path.

nano /etc/apt/source.list.d/pgdg.list

Here, we will add the next line of code to the terminal screen that will come after executing above command.

deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/ stretch-pgdg main

Press ctrl + x to exit and select yes to save the changes.

Now import the repository signing key by running below commands on your terminal screen.

#Import the repository signing key
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | apt-key add -

And to refresh the repository cache, just run the following command.

#Refresh the repository.
apt update

You can see all packages have been updated in above screenshot. Now we are ready to start installing pgAdmin 4.

Installing Dependencies and Creating the Virtual Environment

We must install the necessary dependencies to handle the package. They are basically Python dependencies that needs to be resolved before installing pgadmin package. Execute below command in your terminal before going to install pgadmin.

#Install Python dependency.
apt install virtualenv python-pip libpq-dev python-dev

Type Y and press enter to install this dependency. The next step will be to create the virtual environment. In this case we will create it on /home/Your_user/. Run below commands to get this done.

#Go to your directory.
cd /home/your_user/

#Create Virtual Environment.
virtualenv pgadmin4

This creates a folder called “pgadmin4“. We must enter it to get in to this folder.

cd pgadmin4

The next step will be to “activate” the virtual environment by running below statement.

#Activate virtual environment.
source bin/activate

Downloading and Installing pgAdmin

Now, we will install pgadmin on this machine. We can download latest version pgAdmin4-2.1 from this link. For this tutorial we will use the python package that is showing in below screenshot.

And finally we will proceed to install pgadmin using pip command as given below.

#Replace <path-where-file-is-located> with your patch followed by file name.
pip install <path-where-file-is-located>

We will be running below command in our case.

#Run below command to install pgadmin.
pip install /home/angelo/Descargas/pgadmin4-2.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl

With this pgAdmin is already installed but we are not finished yet. You need to create a local configuration and run it. Run below command to do this.

#Go to pgadmin4 folder
cd lib/python2.7/site-packages/pgadmin4

#Create config file
touch config_local.py

The “touch” command creates an empty file from the linux terminal, if the file exists it will change the date and time of the modification. In that file we can place the settings we want, if the file is left empty it will take the global settings of python.

We can now execute below command to create the credentials. Once you run below command, it will ask you to enter your email address and password. Those credentials will be the ones we use to access the application from the browser.

python lib/python2.7/site-packages/pgadmin4/pgAdmin4.pyc

Now we have created the credentials as well in above screenshot. At the end, we will be told that we must log in with our favorite browser to 127.0.0.1:5050 to log in and enter the main page of pgAdmin.

Let’s go to our browser and type 127.0.0.1:5050

We put our email address and the password we have previously entered. We can also select the language. Once we will be logged in using given credentials, we can see the main pgAdmin panel that is also showing in below screenshot.

We can test the application by adding a server. In this case it will be a local server. We must click on the “Add new Server” link given in between Quick Link section. We will get below screen to enter details about the server that we want to add.

The name we want to give to the connection is placed in the window. I called it “local.” We’ll leave the rest the same, if we want to.

In the connection tab, we will enter the connection parameters Host name, port, database, username, and password to add the server. You can see this in beow screenshot.

And with this we already have an added server and we can start working with postgreSQL. You can see the server is added in left side pane of pgAdmin panel. You can expand the plus sign to see the details like databases etc.

Conclusion

We have installed pgadmin 4 in debian 9 stretch to manage PostgreSQL databases. Data management is vital to system administration and specialized programs are required to keep data secure and properly structured. Complementing PostgreSQL we have pgAdmin that helps us, with a friendly graphical interface, to manage our databases, to make sentences and to monitor the service.

Installing both is one of the best ways to have and view databases in a way that is appropriate for our applications.

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Installing PostgreSQL in Debian GNU/LINUX is not a major problem, as it is available in the main repositories, but the version that comes with it is not the last one and does not allow us to have the latest updates and security patches that are necessary to ensure data protection.

Read below article if you want to install PostgreSQL administration and development tool pgAdmin on your Debian 9 stretch server.

• How to Install PgAdmin 4 on Debian 9 Stretch

New Features in PostgreSQL 10

PostgreSQL improves with each version, the changes are multiple both in administration and security level. Some important new features of PostgreSQL 10.1 are:

• Improved authentication process. Thanks to the new authentication system SCRAM-SHA-256.
• Many bug fixes for logical replication. Users can now fine-tune replicated data to multiple database clusters and will have the ability to perform zero-time activity updates to larger future versions of PostgreSQL.
• Declaratory partitioning of tables. This means that users no longer need to create triggers for routing data; it’s all handled by the system.
• Improved parallel query execution.
• Fix memory leak over the lifespan of a query when evaluating a set-returning function from the target list in a SELECT.

As has been said, there are many changes at the application level and you can consult them all here.

Install PostgreSQL 10.1 on Debian

Let’s get to work  to install PostgreSQL. We will start with Adding PostgreSQL Apt Repository.

The first thing we must do is to create a new file called pgdg.list in the following path: /etc/apt/sources. list.d/. To do this, we must be logged in as superuser. Run below command to connect using superuser.

--Connect using superuser
su

As you can see in the image, we must enter the password for root access. Then we invoke the nano editor and create the file in question.

nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list

We further add the below line of code:

deb http://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt/stretch-pgdg main

Press Ctrl + x to save the changes. We say yes and with this we already have the repository added to our software sources.

The next step is import the repository signing key. After updating the package lists, doing this makes our package manager recognize the repository as a reliable one. Execute below commands in your terminal window to import the repository signing key.

--import the repository signing key
wget --quiet -O - https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc | apt-key add -

And to refresh the repository cache, just use the following command

--Update Package Lists
apt-get update 

We are now proceeding to install the latest version PostgreSQL 10.1 in our Debian 9 Stretch.  Write in Terminal:

--Install PostgreSQL Latest Version.
apt install postgresql-10

Above command will download and install the latest version of PostgreSQL on this Debian machine. Type Y and press enter to proceed with the installation. After downloading and installing the packages, we must initialize the postgreSQL service because if it is not running, it is not possible to access or connect with it. We can do it with the following command.

--Start PostgreSQL service.
systemctl start postgresql

We verify that we can make connection with PostgreSQL:

--Connect to PostgreSQL and Verify Installed PostgreSQL version.
su postgres -c psql postgres

And that’s it. That’s all.!!!!!!!!! We already have installed the latest version of this powerful database manager.

Now we can start working, for example, we can show the existing databases in a clean installation of PostgreSQL.

Conclusion

Debian is a large Linux distribution and is among the most popular in the world of system administrators. Known for its high stability and flexibility, but in its main repositories it has older versions of software and in many cases this is often a big problem. However, there are external repositories that facilitate the distribution of the latest versions of these programs.

PostgreSQL in the world of database has a very high reputation that makes it compete for the throne with other free alternatives such as Mysql or SQLite. Upgrading to the latest stable version guarantees us security patches and new features focused on speed, performance is very useful if we have a large database.

I hope you have learnt how to install PostgreSQL on Debian. Please follow our Facebook page and Twitter handle to get latest updates.

Read More:

• How to Install SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu 16.04?
• Installing SQL Server 2017 on Red Hat Linux Server
• Installing SQL Server on Ubuntu in Offline Mode

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Missing Features in SQL Server on Linux

Below is the list of features that are not supported on Linux based SQL Server instances as of now in current GA release of SQL Server 2017.

1. Analysis Services
2. Reporting Services
3. R Services
4. Master Data Services
5. Data Quality Services
6. SQL Server Browser Service
7. Transactional & Merge Replication
8. FILESTREAM
9. FileTables
10. Stretch DB
11. Polybase
12. Third Party Extensions
13. XPs
14. VSS Snapshots
15. Buffer Pool Extension
16. Change Data Capture
17. Alerts
18. Distributed query with 3rd-party connections
19. Database Mirroring
20. AD Authentication for Linked Servers & Availability Groups (AGs)
21. SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS)

The mssql-server-is package (SSIS) is not supported on SUSE Linux in this release. It is currently supported on Ubuntu and on Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) only.

The following features are not supported in this release when you run SSIS packages on Linux:

o SSIS Catalog database
o Scheduled package execution by SQL Agent
o Windows Authentication
o Third-party components
o Change Data Capture (CDC)
o SSIS Scale Out
o Azure Feature Pack for SSIS
o Hadoop and HDFS support
o Microsoft Connector for SAP BW

For a list of built-in SSIS components that are not currently supported, or that are supported with limitations, see Limitations and known issues for SSIS on Linux

Related Articles:

• Install SQL Server on Ubuntu Server
• How to Install SQL Server on RHEL
• New features Introduced in SQL Server 2017
• Install SQL Server on Ubuntu without Internet Access

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Install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu Linux

Let’s first check whether SQL Server Agent is installed or not on your existing server.  Before installing SQL Server Agent, you must install SQL Server 2017  on your ubuntu server. If you have already installed SQL Server 2017 then you can connect to SQL Server that you have installed on Ubuntu server in SSMS.

Related Articles:

• Install SQL Server 2017 on Ubuntu Server that is not connected to Internet
• SQL Server Agent Installation on Ubuntu Server that has no internet connection
• Install SQL Tools on Ubuntu Server that does not have internet access.
• Install SQL Server on Red Hat Linux Server

As we can see, SQL Server Agent or SQL Agent is disabled and none of its options are showing as enabled in below image. This is because SQL Server Agent package is not installed on that Ubuntu server.

SQL Agent Package comes with SQL Server 2017 package repository so if you have downloaded SQL Server 2017 repository, you can just run installation command to install SQL Server Agent. You can have a look at my last article where I have installed SQL Server 2017 to understand how to download Microsoft Ubuntu repositories. As we have already installed SQL Server 2017 by downloading its repositories so we can directly install SQL Server Agent here. Run below command to install SQL Server Agent package.

#Install SQL Server Agent
sudo apt-get install mssql-server-agent

You can see SQL Server Agent is installed on this machine in above screenshot and also this installation is suggesting us to restart the SQL Server service to enable SQL Server Agent. Now run below command to restart SQL Server service on this machine. You can see we have restarted SQL Server service in below image.

#Restart SQL Server Service
systemctl restart mssql-server

#Check SQL Server Service Status
systemctl status mssql-server

Now connect to SQL Server Instance in SSMS client. You can also connect to SQL Server using sqlcmd utility but we need to separately install this utility to make database connection that we will do in another article. If you are already connected to SQL Server instance in SSMS then just right click on Agent folder and click on refresh button.

You can see SQL Server Agent folder is enabled and all options are showing now in below image. Even now we can create any agent job to schedule any database tasks now.

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Before going ahead, we need Ubuntu Linux 16.04 server. If you don’t have Ubuntu server then you can create a virtual machine and install Ubuntu 16.04 Server with the help of attached articles in the link.

Install SQL Server on Ubuntu Server

Below are the steps you should follow to install SQL Server 2017 on your Ubuntu 16.04 machine that are connected to internet.

1- First step is to connect to Ubuntu Server locally or using PuTTY.

2- Once you are connected to Ubuntu server, run below command to download the public repository GPG keys:

#Download GPG Keys
curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | sudo apt-key add –

3- We can see curl package is not installed on this machine so first we should install curl here. Run below command to install CURL package.

#Install CURL Package.
Sudo apt install curl

Once curl will be installed, run curl command that are given in step 2 again to download the GPG keys.

4- Register the Microsoft Ubuntu Repository by running any of the below commands. First command is older one and for RC (Release Candidate) version. If you want to install SQL Server 2017 general availability version then run second command.

#Register Microsoft Ubuntu Repository for RC version
sudo add-apt-repository "$(curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/mssql-server-2017.list)"

#Run this command if you are downloading GA (General Availability) Repository.
sudo curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc \| sudo apt-key add - && sudo add-apt-repository "$(curl https://packages.microsoft.com/config/ubuntu/16.04/mssql-server-2017.list)"

We can see add-apt-repository command is not found so we will first install the required package for this command on this server.

#Install add-apt-repository package
Sudo apt-get install software-properties-common

Type y to proceed in above image. Once installed, again run command given in this step initially. Run the one given for general availability.

5- Update the repository by running below command. A series of executions will start during update process.

#Update All Packages
Sudo apt-get update

6- Install SQL Server by running below command.

#Install SQL Server 2017
Sudo apt-get install -y mssql-server

7- Install above suggested package mssql-conf to configure SQL Server 2017. This package will ask you to accept license terms and choose SQL Server edition as shown in below image.

 #Run below utility to configure SQL Server 
sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup 

8- Now check the SQL Server service by running below command. We can see service is running now.

#Check SQL Server service
systemctl status mssql-server

9- Now, you can connect to this instance using SSMS client from your local host or from the server where you have installed SSMS. Make sure that there should be connectivity between both servers. SQL Agent is disabled because it is not installed yet.  Read this article to install SQL Server Agent on Ubuntu Server to get it enabled for Agent jobs and other agent related features.

10- If you face any issue during connectivity, you can check SQL Server port no 1433. If it is not open, run below command to enable port no 1433 and then establish the connection.

#Open port 1433
sudo ufw allow 1433

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Check IP Address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway

Launch PuTTY and connect to Linux server. Run ifconfig command.

#Check IP address and Gateway Mask
ifconfig

You will see output of this command like below screenshot.

Focus on the area which is highlighted in red colour. The IP address of this Linux server is 192.168.0.1 which is labeled as inet. You can see the subnet mask of this server which is showing 255.255.255.0 as netmask. We can also see the connection interface name of this machine that is ens33. The connection interface name will be used later in next section during changing IP addresses, subnet mask and gateway details.

Now we knew how to check the IP Address & Subnet Mask of your Linux computer. Now next step is to check the default gateway of this server. Run below command route -n to get the details of default gateway.

#Check Default Gateway
route -n

We can see the gateway IP is given in below screenshot for the same connection interface name ens33.

Change IP Address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway

We knew how to get the IP address, subnet mask and gateway details of Linux server. Now i will explain how to change these addresses if needed. We will use same command ifconfig to change the IP address and subnet mask. Before proceeding, make sure you have interface name and new IPs. You can get interface name from ipconfig command. The connection interface name of my machine is ens33 as shown in above screenshots. Run below command to change these two values.

#Replace ens33 to your connection interface name. You can get it from ifconfig command.
sudo ifconfig ens33 192.168.209.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

We can see command executed successfully. You can validate the new IP address by running ifconfig command again. I have not changed netmask and kept same. If you want to change it please pass your netmask address.

Now we can see we have changed the IP address and netmask address for this Linux server. Next we can check the gateway address to validate what will be the impact on gateway post changing the IP address and netmask address. Run route -n again to get the details.

We can see gateway address is not set yet and the one showing on first section is not showing now. So let’s change the gateway address for this server. Run below command to change the gateway address.

#change the name of gateway address. Change the connection interface name from ens33 to your name.
sudo route add default gw 192.168.209.250 ens33

Once command will be executed successfully, you can validate this change by running route -n command again.

We can see the new gateway address in above screen. These are the commands that can be used to check and change the IP address, netmask address and gateway address.

Related Articles

• How to Change Hostname of RedHat Linux Server?
• Reset or Change Linux Passwords for users and root?
• How to Change PuTTY Background Color to White?

Please comment us if you have any question. Also i hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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Before going ahead, we need to have a RedHat Linux server. If you have no idea about installing Linux server or creating a virtual machine where you can install Linux and SQL Server then i would recommend you to read below articles first.

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• Install RedHat Linux 7.3 on a virtual machine.
• How to Install SQL Server on RedHat Linux 7.3

If you have installed SQL Server on Red Hat Linux server, your next step should be to install SQL Server Agent on that server. Make sure you have internet access on the Linux server where we are going to install SQL Server Agent. If your server does not have internet connection then you should read attached article about installing SQL Server Agent on RedHat Linux that are running without Internet.

Install SQL Server Agent on RHEL

As this Linux machine has internet connection so let’s go ahead with Installation on Red Hat Linux server. Installation process is quite similar to the installation of SQL Server on Redhat Linux.

You don’t need to download SQL Server Agent package separately the way we did for SQL Server and SQL Tools installations.The package required to install SQL Server Agent included into SQL Server package repository configuration file.

If you have already downloaded SQL Server package repository configuration file to install SQL Server, you can skip this step and go ahead to install Agent on your server. If you don’t have SQL Server package repository configuration file or you have deleted it then you can run below command to download the package repository configuration file.

#Download Microsoft SQL Server Red Hat repository configuration file
sudo curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/mssql-server.repo https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/7/mssql-server.repo

This will download Microsoft SQL Server Package Repository Configuration File that are required to install SQL Server and SQL Server Agent.

As we have the Agent repository configuration file now, Let us first check the SQL Server in SSMS to see how SQL Server Agent working.  You can see we are not able to do anything in SQL Server Agent folder.

Now our next step is to install SQL Server Agent to enable its related features. Run below command to start the installation.

#Install SQL Server Agent
sudo yum install mssql-server-agent

You cans see series of executions started to proceed with the installation in below image. It will also ask you to enter Y to proceed.

Enter Y to proceed with the installation, once you press enter it will proceed to install. Now SQL Server Agent will install on your machine.

It will also suggest you to restart SQL Server service. If you will not restart SQL Server service, installation will not be completed so next step is to restart SQL Server service on this server.

#Restart SQL Server Service
systemctl restart mssql-server

You can see SQL Server is online now. Go ahead and connect to SQL Server in SSMS as per below image.

Now you can create Agent jobs to automate database activities on your SQL Server instance.
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Before going ahead, we need to have a RedHat Linux server. If you have no idea about installing Linux server or creating a virtual machine where you can install Linux and SQL Server then i would recommend you to read below articles first.

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• How to Install RedHat Linux 7.3 on a virtual machine.

If you have installed SQL Server on Red Hat Linux server, you need to install SQL Tools to make database connection locally on the server. Make sure you have internet access on the Linux server where we are going to install SQL Tools. If your server does not have internet connection then you should read attached article about installing SQL Tools on RedHat Linux that are running without Internet.

Install SQL Tools on RHEL

As this Linux machine has internet connection so installing SQL Tools on this Linux machine will be quite easy. Let’s go ahead with the SQL Tools Installation on Red Hat Linux server that are connected to internet. Installation process is quite similar to the installation of SQL Server on Redhat Linux.

Let us first check the SQL Server service to make sure SQL Server is installed on this machine. Run below command to check the service.

#Check SQL Server Services
systemctl status mssql-server

We can see SQL Server is installed on this machine. Now check SQL Tools are installed on this machine or not by running sqlcmd utility. We can see this tool is not installed yet.

Now we will download the Microsoft SQL Tools Redhat repository configuration file by running below command to start the SQL Tools installation.

#Download Microsoft Red Hat repository configuration file
sudo curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/msprod.repo https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/7/prod.repo

You can see file is downloaded to the given folder location. You can see this in below screenshot.

Run below commands to install SQL Tools along with unixODBC package on this server. We need to install unixODBC because of dependency issue. First update all packages by running below command.

#Run package update.
sudo yum update

Once package update will complete. Run below command to install SQL Tools. Once you execute below command, a series of execution will start and show you the details of package that are going to install.

#Install SQL Tools.
sudo yum install -y mssql-tools unixODBC-devel

After series of execution, setup will ask you to accept the license terms. Type YES to accept the license terms.

I pressed enter button post accepting the license terms, again a series of execution started and SQL tools installation was completed within minutes.

Once SQL Tools will install, you can go ahead and check sqlcmd utility. If your Linux server is not able to recognize SQL Server Tools utilities sqlcmd or bcp we need to set path environment variables. Although, it is optional step but you should run below commands to add /opt/mssql-tools/bin/ to your PATH environment variable.

#Add /opt/mssql-tools/bin/ to your PATH environment variable.
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bash_profile
echo 'export PATH="$PATH:/opt/mssql-tools/bin"' >> ~/.bashrc
source ~/.bashrc

Let us see whether Linux is able to recognize SQL Tool or not in below screenshot. We can see now sqlcmd is throwing output.

Now you can go ahead and connect to your SQL Server instance locally by using sqlcmd tool. You can see i have connected to SQL Server Instance using sqlcmd in below screen.

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Prerequisites

Before going ahead, we need to have a RedHat Linux server. If you have no idea about installing Linux server or creating a virtual machine where you can install Linux and SQL Server then i would recommend you to read below articles first.

• How to Create a Virtual Machine.
• How to Install RedHat Linux 7.3 on a virtual machine.

Below are the prerequisites that needs to have on your virtual machine in order to install SQL Server 2017.

• A Red Hat Linux Machine having Internet Connection
• RAM – 3.25GB
• Disk Space – 6GB
• Processor speed – 2 GHz
• Processor cores – 2 cores
• Processor type – x64

Install SQL Server 2017 on RHEL

Installing SQL Server 2017 on Redhat Linux is straight forward method if your server has internet connection and able to access online repositories. But if your Red Hat Linux machine does not have internet connection you can go with attached article Offline Installation of SQL Server 2017 on Red Hat Linux. Let us go with the SQL Server Installation on Redhat Linux server that have internet connection.

Connect to RHEL server locally or through PuTTY. Check whether SQL Server is previously installed on this machine by someone else or not. You can see SQL Server is not installed, we can see it by checking the SQL Server service. Now download the Microsoft SQL Server Redhat repository configuration file by running below curl command.

#Download Microsoft SQL Server Redhat repository configuration file
sudo curl -o /etc/yum.repos.d/mssql-server.repo https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/7/mssql-server.repo

Next step is to install SQL Server on Linux machine. Run below command to update all package repository on Red Hat Linux server.

#Update Packages
sudo yum update

#Install SQL Server
sudo yum install -y mssql-server

I ran installation command which is showing in below image. A series of execution will start followed by checking the dependencies. If you will face any dependency issue, you should first resolve all missing dependencies then proceed with the installation. Setup will process and show you details of the packages which will be installing. You can see the details in below image.

SQL Server package is in downloading process. Once download will complete, installation process will start. This will take few minutes to install the package.

Now you can see SQL Server database engine is installed on this Redhat Linux server. Installation is not completed yet because setup suggests us to run mssql-conf utility to complete the installation. So next step is to run this process.

Setup is suggesting us to install a mssql-conf utility to accept the license terms and set the sa password. Run below command to configure SQL Server.

sudo /opt/mssql/bin/mssql-conf setup

This execution will ask us to accept the License terms, select the SQL Server edition and also tell us to set the sa password. Let us do that to complete this installation. Once you execute above command, it will ask as to enter YES to access the license terms. Type YES and press enter. Once you press enter post accepting license terms, setup will give you options to choose SQL Server edition. Select correct edition as per your requirement.

Once you choose SQL Server edition, it will ask you to set sa login password. The moment you set the sa password, SQL Server configuration will be completed and ready to use.

Now SQL Server is installed, but sometimes you may face issue connecting to your SQL Server instance. You need to run below commands to open the SQL Server port on the firewall on the Linux server.

#Open Firewall for SQL Server
sudo firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=1433/tcp --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

You can see above commands executed successfully. Port 1433 is already enabled on my machine. If this port is not open on your server it will display as success. Now, you can check the SQL Server service to validate this installation. Run the same command which we have run to check the SQL Server service before starting the installation.

#Check SQL Server Service
systemctl status mssql-server

Now your SQL Server is ready to use. You can connect to this instance using SSMS client tool. You can see i have connected to this instance using SSMS from my local host computer.

If you want to connect to SQL Server on this server only. You need to connect using sqlcmd utility. By default, sqlcmd tool does not install on Linux machine. We need to manually install it. Please visit this attached article to understand step by step process of installing SQL Tools on a Red Hat Linux Server. If you don’t have internet access you can follow another article to install SQL Tools on Redhat Linux server in Offline mode.

If your Linux virtual machine doesn’t have Internet connection, you should read:

• How to Install SQL Server 2017 on RedHat Linux in Offline Mode.
• Installing SQL Tools on RedHat Linux in Offline Mode.
• Install SQL Server Agent on RHEL running without Internet.
• How to install SQL Server on Ubuntu in Offline Mode.

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Linux Error: User is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

Sudoers file determines which users can run administrative tasks, those requiring superuser privileges. I was failed to perform certain tasks because my username was not part of this file and returned with below error.

Linux Error: User is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.

Someone who has super user (su) access can fix this issue by adding the impacted user to the Wheel group. The wheel group is a special user group used on Linux systems to control access to the sudo command, which allows a user to behave as super user. Once we will add our user into this group, we will be able to use sudo command.

Adding a Linux User to Sudoers File

Connect to your Linux server using superuser account.

#Connect using su
su

We have now connected to Linux server using superuser account. Now we can add our username to the Wheel group.

#Add your user to the Wheel group. 
#Change techyaz to your user name.
usermod -G wheel techyaz

Now we see that command executed successfully. If you attempt to execute the sudo command now, you might get the same error message unless you completely logout your user and re-login again. Next you can exit from superuser account by typing exit on the prompt.

#Exit su account
exit

Your account or user added to sudoers file now by adding it to wheel group. You can now connect to Linux server from your PuTTY terminal or on the local server and try to run sudo command post completely logout your user and re-login on the server.

#Connect to Linux server using your user name that was added to wheel group.
#Run sudo su
sudo su

You can see we have access to run anything using sudo command in above screenshot. Now your username is part of sudoers file so you can perform your activities using sudo command now.

Read more:

• How to Install Red Hat Linux 7.3 on Virtual Machine
• Fixing PuTTY connection issue while connecting to Red Hat Linux Server
• Installing SQL Server 2017 on Red Hat Linux Server

Here, we have fixed Linux error “User is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported.” I hope you like this article. Please follow us on our facebook page and on Twitter handle to get latest updates.

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